1. What is Impulse?

Impulse is a vector quantity that represents the change in momentum of an object when a force is applied over a time interval. It is equal to the product of the average force and the time duration of the force application.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the impulse-momentum theorem:

Where:

• \( \vec{I} \) — Impulse vector (kg·m/s)
• \( m \) — Mass of the object (kg)
• \( \vec{v_f} \) — Final velocity vector (m/s)
• \( \vec{v_i} \) — Initial velocity vector (m/s)

Explanation: The calculator computes the vector subtraction of velocities, then multiplies by mass to get impulse. Both components and magnitude are calculated.

3. Importance of Impulse Calculation

Details: Impulse is crucial in analyzing collisions, rocket propulsion, sports mechanics, and any scenario where forces act over time to change momentum.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter mass in kilograms and velocity components in meters per second. Positive values indicate direction along the positive axis.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: How is impulse different from momentum?
A: Momentum is a property of a moving object (p = mv), while impulse is the change in momentum caused by a force (I = Δp).

Q2: What are typical units for impulse?
A: The SI unit is kilogram-meter per second (kg·m/s), equivalent to the newton-second (N·s).

Q3: Can impulse be negative?
A: Yes, impulse components can be negative, indicating direction opposite to the coordinate axis. Magnitude is always positive.

Q4: How does this relate to Newton's Second Law?
A: Impulse equals the integral of force over time (I = ∫F dt), which by Newton's Second Law equals change in momentum.

Q5: What if I only know the force and time?
A: For constant force, impulse is simply F × Δt. This calculator focuses on the momentum change approach.